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The Middle Ages Illuminated Manuscript
Illuminated manuscripts first appear in Egypt. That time, Egyptian scholars used papyrus and reed pen to write down information. It was the rudiment of manuscripts, but because the papyrus were flexable, so they only could make scrolls, not books.
Europeans thought it was so hard to keep papyrus scrolls, so they used quill to write informations on the parchment. This kind paper was more easy to write and collect, but on the another hand ,this kind paper was very expensive.
Those valuable papers were usually used to record important things. So people tried to make the books more beautiful, made them like artwork. They drew pictures and wrote the letters like flowers.
Usually the illuminated manuscripts would have a pretty cover, dressed with gold and ivory. If that book had been used by the church or Pope, it may even have some diamonds on the cover.
Inside of the books, the pages also had many ornaments. Almost all the pages had different pictures, and they all drew by hands. Every letter which was the first one of whole page, it would be capital with special ornament.
“Before the invention of mechanical printing, books were handmade objects, treasured as works of art and as symbols of enduring knowledge. Indeed, in the Middle Ages, the book becomes an attribute of God”(“The Art of the Books in the Middle Ages” ).
The manuscripts are very valuable, and it is a bright achievement in humanities history.
In Byzantine period, people started to use parchment. “Parchment” was the name of the country that first invented this kind paper. This kind paper made from sheepskin, and it spent more than one month to made it. The best parchment called vellum, usually used for the best book.
First, Byzantines made book cover with jewelry and gold. They statued the middle of the cover. On the risen area, they put colorful diamonds as background. Under those jewelry, it would be gold again! The whole cover is gold, how expensive it could be!
Second, inside of the page, they needed to write the letters one-by-one. They used pretty calligraphy, to write hundreds of pages by hand. They may have spent several years to write one whole book.
The third step for the book was to draw colorful pictures. Usually every chapter has two pictures, on the beginning and the end. Also, they need to write the first letters of each paragraphs in capital as a picture. The pictures were often done at final. The whole manuscripts normally spent five years, from made the cover to finished the pictures.
“ Byzantine period was famous of its jewelry, but the books they made were much more expensive than jewelry”(“Monasticism in Medieval Christianity”).
“Texts were also held in special regard in Byzantium, where people rated literacy as a desirable goal. There are 40,000 preserved Byzantine manuscripts—a great number, considering the expense of their production. Monastic libraries contained the largest collections; for example, Patmos Monastery possessed 330 books, and Lavra Monastery, located on Mount Athos, held 960 manuscripts. Private libraries generally held more than 25 volumes. During the period between 1204 and 1261, when Constantinople was under Latin rule, book production was limited” (“The Art of the Book in the Middle Ages").
Now the manuscripts are very expensive, and rich people buy them as collect. Same as that period, when the book had making,the seller had already decided to sell it to rich people. A pope, or private families. Even in whole city, the books were so less.
“Early manuscripts were made in monasteries , but by the twelfth century an urban bookseller, called a libraire, coordinated the various stages of production ”(“Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe”).
First, Byzantines made book cover with jewelry and gold. They statued the middle of the cover. On the risen area, they put colorful diamonds as background. Under those jewelry, it would be gold again! The whole cover is gold, how expensive it could be!
Second, inside of the page, they needed to write the letters one-by-one. They used pretty calligraphy, to write hundreds of pages by hand. They may have spent several years to write one whole book.
The third step for the book was to draw colorful pictures. Usually every chapter has two pictures, on the beginning and the end. Also, they need to write the first letters of each paragraphs in capital as a picture. The pictures were often done at final. The whole manuscripts normally spent five years, from made the cover to finished the pictures.
“ Byzantine period was famous of its jewelry, but the books they made were much more expensive than jewelry”(“Monasticism in Medieval Christianity”).
“Texts were also held in special regard in Byzantium, where people rated literacy as a desirable goal. There are 40,000 preserved Byzantine manuscripts—a great number, considering the expense of their production. Monastic libraries contained the largest collections; for example, Patmos Monastery possessed 330 books, and Lavra Monastery, located on Mount Athos, held 960 manuscripts. Private libraries generally held more than 25 volumes. During the period between 1204 and 1261, when Constantinople was under Latin rule, book production was limited” (“The Art of the Book in the Middle Ages").
Now the manuscripts are very expensive, and rich people buy them as collect. Same as that period, when the book had making,the seller had already decided to sell it to rich people. A pope, or private families. Even in whole city, the books were so less.
“Early manuscripts were made in monasteries , but by the twelfth century an urban bookseller, called a libraire, coordinated the various stages of production ”(“Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe”).
In Carolingian Renaissance, Charlemagne was support to publish illuminated manuscripts. He invited scholars from England that good at calligraphy to made illuminated manuscripts. Carolingian Renaissance was a golden period for manuscripts. Charlemagne told workers all used the same script. He also worked on unified the style of the cover, the pages and the pictures for the manuscripts.Now we can find about 9,000 manuscripts from Carolingian Renaissance period. They had similar style, because of Charlemagne’s control. They were all clear and strict, and became valuable information for history.
“During the Carolingian Renaissance, the illuminated manuscripts were the most number of works that survived from that era. Charlemagne had great ideas while he was in power. While in command new Gospels and liturgical works were prepared, as were educational materials used to depict historical, scientific and literary works originating from ancient authors”（Carolingian Renaissance Handwriting).
Caroline Renaissancemanuscripts were famous of their strict form, and Byzantine manuscripts did excellent job at ornament. After them, there was another period which did an amazing job at manuscripts, high gothic.
“....but in France itself the style had reached its climax by c.l150, and begun its transformation into Gothic, a transformation which took place in the second half of the twelfth century and was initiated in northern France, traditional breeding ground of mediaeval change”（《Mediaeval Art》）.
Gothic manuscripts were famous because of their flowery calligraphy. Its calligraphy was the mordel of the manuscripts appeared at European Renaissance.
“.....As a result of these particular circumstances, French manuscripts, particularly Parisian ones, have long been the focus of scholarly analysis and serve as an appropriate case-study for methodological approaches to Gothic manuscript illustration ”(“Gothic Manuscript Illustration:The Case of France”).
The pictures in Gothic manuscripts were better than before, it had highlight and looked more like “rale human”, and every detail was so clear. The book makers used much lacework, usually was a grape tree drew from the first litter of a chapter, and drew around the pages. Even if that page was just a picture, the makers still would add lacework.
In another hand, the covers of the books were no longer as extravagant as covers in Byzantine period. For Gothic manuscripts, the extravagant inside was more important than outside. They pay attention to every letters, and they were almost same form calligraphy.
“In thirteenth-century Gothic manuscripts, grotesques (strange creatures with animal or human heads) appeared frequently”（“The Calligraphy and Creation of a Limited Edition Facsimile”）.
“During the Carolingian Renaissance, the illuminated manuscripts were the most number of works that survived from that era. Charlemagne had great ideas while he was in power. While in command new Gospels and liturgical works were prepared, as were educational materials used to depict historical, scientific and literary works originating from ancient authors”（Carolingian Renaissance Handwriting).
Caroline Renaissancemanuscripts were famous of their strict form, and Byzantine manuscripts did excellent job at ornament. After them, there was another period which did an amazing job at manuscripts, high gothic.
“....but in France itself the style had reached its climax by c.l150, and begun its transformation into Gothic, a transformation which took place in the second half of the twelfth century and was initiated in northern France, traditional breeding ground of mediaeval change”（《Mediaeval Art》）.
Gothic manuscripts were famous because of their flowery calligraphy. Its calligraphy was the mordel of the manuscripts appeared at European Renaissance.
“.....As a result of these particular circumstances, French manuscripts, particularly Parisian ones, have long been the focus of scholarly analysis and serve as an appropriate case-study for methodological approaches to Gothic manuscript illustration ”(“Gothic Manuscript Illustration:The Case of France”).
The pictures in Gothic manuscripts were better than before, it had highlight and looked more like “rale human”, and every detail was so clear. The book makers used much lacework, usually was a grape tree drew from the first litter of a chapter, and drew around the pages. Even if that page was just a picture, the makers still would add lacework.
In another hand, the covers of the books were no longer as extravagant as covers in Byzantine period. For Gothic manuscripts, the extravagant inside was more important than outside. They pay attention to every letters, and they were almost same form calligraphy.
“In thirteenth-century Gothic manuscripts, grotesques (strange creatures with animal or human heads) appeared frequently”（“The Calligraphy and Creation of a Limited Edition Facsimile”）.
From that character of Gothic art, we can see why one of the main ideas of Renaissance was natural. Compared to the expensive books in Byzantine time, the Gothic manuscripts were more decorated by hands.
Even though it was so pretty in manuscripts, the Gothic art was still not accepted by the people. They thought it was dark and negative. However, the Gothic manuscripts were bright and beautiful, and in some ways they influenced the Renaissance later all over Europe.
Unlucky, the books in the Gothic period were still very expensive. Book makers needed to spent much time to drew ikon. The books were still sold to rich people and churches, the information was only shared with a few people. Superior designes became the obstacles during publishing.
“Originally coined by Renaissance writers, ‘Gothic’ was a derogatory term applied to the architecture of the period, which they attributed to the Barbarian Goths. Its early negative meaning has given way to a reverence for the early artistic advancements found in the Gothic period. Featuring works from England, France, Germany, and Italy, the exhibition reveals that some of the most beautiful painting from the Middle Ages can be found in Gothic manuscripts.”(“Getty Museum Presents “Gothic Grandeur” Manuscript Illumination”)
After high Gothic art period, it was the most famous renaissance, Italian Renaissance. In that renaissance, the paints were more important than manuscripts. In those manuscripts, the picture was much more than words.
“In fact, painting in books was a major art form throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods, and some princes preferred illuminated manuscripts to other media, even though they could cost more than entire frescoed rooms or chapels” (Masterpieces in Miniature).
Around pictures, there were always had lacework. Most were like a tree or ivy, some storybook would have birds and flowers, and, angels or people.
What was the main idea of renaissance? Humanism, natural. In the pictures and lacework, the religion characters were less than before, instead of them, more and more characters from story and fairy tell appeared. The articles inside was more about new thought, not only the gospel and religion.
“Renaissance thinkers strongly associated themselves with the values of classical antiquity, particularly as expressed in the newly rediscovered classics of literature, history, and moral philosophy. Conversely, they tended to dissociate themselves from works written in the Middle Ages, a historical period they looked upon rather negatively.”(General Characteristics of the Renaissance)
Even though it was so pretty in manuscripts, the Gothic art was still not accepted by the people. They thought it was dark and negative. However, the Gothic manuscripts were bright and beautiful, and in some ways they influenced the Renaissance later all over Europe.
Unlucky, the books in the Gothic period were still very expensive. Book makers needed to spent much time to drew ikon. The books were still sold to rich people and churches, the information was only shared with a few people. Superior designes became the obstacles during publishing.
“Originally coined by Renaissance writers, ‘Gothic’ was a derogatory term applied to the architecture of the period, which they attributed to the Barbarian Goths. Its early negative meaning has given way to a reverence for the early artistic advancements found in the Gothic period. Featuring works from England, France, Germany, and Italy, the exhibition reveals that some of the most beautiful painting from the Middle Ages can be found in Gothic manuscripts.”(“Getty Museum Presents “Gothic Grandeur” Manuscript Illumination”)
After high Gothic art period, it was the most famous renaissance, Italian Renaissance. In that renaissance, the paints were more important than manuscripts. In those manuscripts, the picture was much more than words.
“In fact, painting in books was a major art form throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods, and some princes preferred illuminated manuscripts to other media, even though they could cost more than entire frescoed rooms or chapels” (Masterpieces in Miniature).
Around pictures, there were always had lacework. Most were like a tree or ivy, some storybook would have birds and flowers, and, angels or people.
What was the main idea of renaissance? Humanism, natural. In the pictures and lacework, the religion characters were less than before, instead of them, more and more characters from story and fairy tell appeared. The articles inside was more about new thought, not only the gospel and religion.
“Renaissance thinkers strongly associated themselves with the values of classical antiquity, particularly as expressed in the newly rediscovered classics of literature, history, and moral philosophy. Conversely, they tended to dissociate themselves from works written in the Middle Ages, a historical period they looked upon rather negatively.”(General Characteristics of the Renaissance)
That was the long history about manuscripts. About 1440, Letterpress printing learned by European, and manuscripts became less and less because of new methods of printing. Then again in 1839, English found out a new good method to print books, the manuscripts became a real part of history.
So now we could see the stationery to make manuscripts.
The first pen was a reed pen. It made from reed. The ink was made from lime, water and colloid. The papyrus was very thin and it was easy to tear. That is the reason that why the books in Egypt were rolls, that was the best way to protect those papyrus. It was hard to keep, and hard to make, and it only used in government. Every year the government would choose a few children from private families and allowed them study,and the students could only use slate and chalk. After they grew up and worked in government, they could use papyrus.
Compare to papyrus, the parchment was much better. The parchment usually used in church, a kind of extravagant thing. The goose quill were pretty but it could not store ink inside the pen. It made people wrote information hard and slowly.
Parchment was a very important invention. It used all around the world, and it was the basic condition to publish manuscripts.
“In the hellenistic world, the parchment scroll was not known till the first century CE. Pliny quotes Varro's statement that skins preparation for writing was invented in Pergamon at the beginning of the second century BCE. ......The transition to parchment took place in the land of Israel as well, and the Jewish sages of the Roman period were of the opinion that any mention of a 'book' in the Bible exclusively refers to a parchment scroll. It is not impossible that the parchment surplus was caused by the influence of the hellenistic scribal culture on Judaism, as attested by the contemporary borrowing of over 20 book-culture Greek words.”(Parchment)
Now we can start to know what was the information inside of manuscripts. For the earlier time, most manuscripts were about religion. Except people who worked in church, the other customers of the book seller were private families, and they needed books because they needed to go to the church. For the later period, like the big renaissance, the manuscripts were more about folktales and pretty funny stories. Those changes in manuscripts recorded the history of people’s thought.
The most special part in making manuscripts were to drew the picture inside the books. This job needed careful design. First drew on mud boards or stencil plate, then used shadowgraph to finished on parchment. All the colorful ink were from natural plants or rocks.
To publish manuscript, was the same meaning as to hand write whole book. Even it was a great big deal, the manuscripts are influencing us now. The information it recorded helped us learn more about early ages. They were not only books, but also artworks, and ideas: natural, and humanism. Write every word by hand, also by heart. Perfect, excellent, that was illuminated manuscript.
So now we could see the stationery to make manuscripts.
The first pen was a reed pen. It made from reed. The ink was made from lime, water and colloid. The papyrus was very thin and it was easy to tear. That is the reason that why the books in Egypt were rolls, that was the best way to protect those papyrus. It was hard to keep, and hard to make, and it only used in government. Every year the government would choose a few children from private families and allowed them study,and the students could only use slate and chalk. After they grew up and worked in government, they could use papyrus.
Compare to papyrus, the parchment was much better. The parchment usually used in church, a kind of extravagant thing. The goose quill were pretty but it could not store ink inside the pen. It made people wrote information hard and slowly.
Parchment was a very important invention. It used all around the world, and it was the basic condition to publish manuscripts.
“In the hellenistic world, the parchment scroll was not known till the first century CE. Pliny quotes Varro's statement that skins preparation for writing was invented in Pergamon at the beginning of the second century BCE. ......The transition to parchment took place in the land of Israel as well, and the Jewish sages of the Roman period were of the opinion that any mention of a 'book' in the Bible exclusively refers to a parchment scroll. It is not impossible that the parchment surplus was caused by the influence of the hellenistic scribal culture on Judaism, as attested by the contemporary borrowing of over 20 book-culture Greek words.”(Parchment)
Now we can start to know what was the information inside of manuscripts. For the earlier time, most manuscripts were about religion. Except people who worked in church, the other customers of the book seller were private families, and they needed books because they needed to go to the church. For the later period, like the big renaissance, the manuscripts were more about folktales and pretty funny stories. Those changes in manuscripts recorded the history of people’s thought.
The most special part in making manuscripts were to drew the picture inside the books. This job needed careful design. First drew on mud boards or stencil plate, then used shadowgraph to finished on parchment. All the colorful ink were from natural plants or rocks.
To publish manuscript, was the same meaning as to hand write whole book. Even it was a great big deal, the manuscripts are influencing us now. The information it recorded helped us learn more about early ages. They were not only books, but also artworks, and ideas: natural, and humanism. Write every word by hand, also by heart. Perfect, excellent, that was illuminated manuscript.
Works Cited
Carolingian Renaissance Handwriting: no name, n.d. Web. 20 May 2012.
General Characteristics of the Renaissance: Adapted from A Guide to the Study of Literature: A Companion Text for Core Studies 6, Landmarks of Literature, ©English Department, Brooklyn College,March 30, 2009. web. 21 May 2012
“Getty Museum Presents Exhibition of Gothic Manuscripts": The getty trust. n.p. 13 October 2011. Web. 20 May 2012Parchment: by Meir Bar-Ilan, University. n.p .4 December 1995. web. 20 May 2012.
Manuscript Illustration:The Case of France:by Anne D.Hedeman,A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe, Edited by Conrad Rudolph,Copyright © 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. web. 20 May, 2012.
《Mediaeval Art》by Princeton University,W.W.Norton, n.d.
Monasticism in Medieval Gothic:Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. "Monasticism in Medieval Christianity". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. web. 18May 2012
The Art of Christianity Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. "Monasticism in MedievalChristianity". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.web. 12 May 2012
Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe,by Jones, Susan. "Manuscript Illumination In Northern Europe". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. web. 20.May 2012
“the Books in the Middle Ages”: Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. "The Art of the Book in the Middle Ages". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. web. 17 May 2012.
“The Calligraphy and Creation of a Limited Edition Facsimile”, by France Splegel, Dec 10, 2007. web. 21 May 2012.
完毕=。=
各种赶工减料渣不解释=。=
但实际上自我感觉还好=3=
所以。。。请不要大意的吐槽吧啊喂=。=
翻译什么的我真心懒。。。=。=
大致就是讲从古埃及就开始有的手抄本，经历了多个朝代的演变，在每个朝代都有不同的改进。
如果真要我吐槽的话，这文里大部分是重复的废话。。
就是这样，昂~ QwQ
各种赶工减料渣不解释=。=
但实际上自我感觉还好=3=
所以。。。请不要大意的吐槽吧啊喂=。=
翻译什么的我真心懒。。。=。=
大致就是讲从古埃及就开始有的手抄本，经历了多个朝代的演变，在每个朝代都有不同的改进。
如果真要我吐槽的话，这文里大部分是重复的废话。。
就是这样，昂~ QwQ
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